Linux Basic Commands Linux Basic Commands

For changing directory / to /etc

[root@pc1 /]# cd /etc

 

One step back /etc to /

[root@pc1 etc]# cd ..

 

Go to previous working directory

[root@pc1 /]# cd -

 

Go to current login user home directory

[root@pc1 etc]# cd ~

 

Show the contents of /etc in single color

[root@pc1 ~]#  dir  /etc

 

Show the contents of /etc in different colors with nature of contents

[root@pc1 ~]#  Ls  /etc

 

create a folder on root partition

[root@pc1  ~]#  mkdir  /disk

 

Create a folder in /disk

[root@pc1  ~]#  mkdir  /disk/dir

 

Create multiple folder in multiple directories with single command

[root@pc1  ~]#  mkdir  /etc/dir1 /var/dir2 /usr/dir3

 

Create multiple folder in same directory

[root@pc1  ~]#  mkdir  dir1 dir2 dir3

 

Copy a file in directory

[root@pc1  disk]#  cp  file dir

 

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /disk/dir/

[root@pc1  disk]#  cp  /disk/file /disk/dir

 

Copy a directory with –r option

[root@pc1  disk]#  cp  -r  dir  dir2

 

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /etc with myfile name

[root@pc1  disk]#  cp  /disk/file  /etc/myfile

 

Remove a file

[root@pc1  disk]#  rm file

 

Remove a file with forcefully option

[root@pc1  disk]#  rm –f  file

 

Remove a directory with out –r option and you face will an error

[root@pc1  disk]#  rm dir

 

Remove a directory with –r option

[root@pc1  disk]#  rm  -r  /disk

 

Remove a directory with forcefully option

[root@pc1  disk]#  rm  -rf  dir

 

Move /etc/dir1 to /disk/ with different name

[root@pc1  disk]#  mv  /etc/dir1  /disk/mydir

Rename the folder name mydir to dir

[root@pc1  disk]#  mv  /disk/mydir  /disk/dir

 

Rename the file name with myfile

[root@pc1  disk]#  mv file myfile

 

Read a file page by page with less command

[root@pc1  disk]# less  /etc/grub.conf

 

Read a file page by page with more command

[root@pc1  disk]# more  /etc/qrub.conf

 

Read first ten lines of grub.conf

[root@pc1  disk]# head  /etc/grub.conf

 

Read last ten lings of grub.conf

[root@pc1  disk]# tail  /etc/grub.conf

 

Read first 12 lines with –n option

[root@pc1  disk]# head  -n  12  /etc/grub.conf

 

Read last 11 lines with –n option

[root@pc1  disk]# tail  -n 11  /etc/grub.conf

 

Copy the contents of /etc/grub.conf in /disk/file

[root@pc1  disk]# cat  /etc/grub.conf > /disk/file

 

Append the contents /etc/mtab in /etc/file

[root@pc1  disk]# cat  /etc/mtab >>  /disk/file

 

Merging tow commands with pipe sign output of the first command is input of second command

[root@pc1  disk]# cat  /etc/squid/squid.conf I more

Count the total lines of squid.conf

[root@pc1  disk]# cat  /etc/squid/squid.conf I wc  -L

 

Show only spool words in squid.conf

[root@pc1  disk]# cat  /etc/squid/squid.conf  I grep  spool

 

Flush the contents of file

[root@pc1  disk]# cat  /dev/null  >  /var/log/messages

Overview of the Linux file system

/bin          All commands which are used by normal users

/etc          System conf files

/var          Server data logs Mail proxy cache

/dev         All devices name stored in /dev

/sbin        All commands which are used by supper user

/boot        Linux kernel ( vmlinuz , initrd ) Grub directory

/usr          All gui tools installed in /usr

/proc       System information’s ( picture of RAM )

/home     User's home dir's

/tmp        Temporary files

/media      Auto mounted devices mount point in /media

Wireless Internet Tips

If you plan on sharing your wireless internet access, you will need to have that option turned on in your settings. However, if you do not have other computers hooked up to the network at this time, for security purposes, you should leave the setting turned off until the need arises to share the wireless internet access.

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Wireless Internet Speeds 

Coming in at the slowest is Bluetooth, followed by 802.11b, 802.11a and topping the charts currently is 802.11g. 802.11b is roughly equivalent to the traditional wired 10BaseT Wired Ethernet networks. Therefore, switching to Wi-Fi should not considerably slow down your wireless internet connection.

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Wireless Network Equipment While Traveling 

You will need to have a wireless network card, either an adapter or integrated in your laptop. If you do not have an available slot on your PC, there are adapters you can purchase that plug into a USB port on the computer.

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Finding a Wireless Internet Hot Spot 

There are several stores and restaurants that offer wireless internet access, such as Starbucks. If you have a particular destination in mind, you can call the hotels to see if they offer the service. There are also hot spot directories that you can search to find wireless internet access.

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Wireless internet - WiFi Standards

802.11 is the Wi-Fi standard, however there are other standards which are variations of the 802.11. These include:

• 802.11a
• 802.11b
• 802.11g
• 802.11i.

The differences among these standards includes speed, transmission frequency, and price. 802.11g is backwards compatible with previous products, but that is not the case with 802.11a. Make sure you check on compatibility issues prior to purchasing products.

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Wireless Internet and Dial up 

It is possible to share a wireless internet connection with dial up, but it is not a very good idea. Some access points, such as the airport extreme base station from Apple, will allow this. However, there is some slow down time with sharing a wireless internet connection, and if you decide to share a dial up connection, you won't be surfing anything fast.

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Finding a Wireless Internet Hot Spot in a Chain 

If you are traveling and know that you will be stopping at Starbucks, for example, and want to access the internet, you can check out their website to see what specific franchises offer wireless internet access.

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Paying for Wireless Internet Access 

Most likely, you will need to pay for the high speed wireless internet access when you travel. Starbucks for example uses T-mobile as their wireless internet provider. You will need to have a t-mobile account in order to access wi-fi at Starbucks. There are some restaurants that may advertise free Wi-Fi, but in general, you should expect to pay a fee.

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Nationwide Wireless Internet Service 

There are a plethora of national wireless high speed internet services available. AT&T, Sprint PCS, T-mobile, and Verizon are a few which offer nationwide service. You will want to check out various pricing, roaming policies and fees for the various networks.

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Mixing Apples and PC's to Share Wireless Internet Connection

You can mix apple and PC on a wireless network and share a wireless internet access. For example, Apple makes an access point called the AirPort Extreme Base station. Even though it is made by Apple, it still uses the Wi-Fi standard, and PC computers with a wireless adapter on the network will be able to share the wireless internet connection

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Mixing Wireless Internet and Wired Internet 

You can easily share a wireless internet access while still maintaining a wired network. There are many wireless routers on the market which offer both wired and wireless network capabilities. It is also possible to add on an access point after a wired router for wireless access.

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Configuring Wireless Access Point to Share Wireless Internet Connection 

Once you install the drivers on your computer for the access point, you will be able to open up the configuration software that comes with the router. The IP address 192.168.0.0 is the lowest in the network and should be dedicated to the router. Make sure to follow the specific configuration instructions that come with your wireless router, as each product will be slightly different from one another.

---

Wireless Internet Equipment 

The beauty of the WI-FI is that it set a standard for wireless networking. Because of this, you do not need to have equipment from all the same venders in order to run a successful wireless network. You will be able to share wireless internet access as well without having equipment from all the same venders.

---

Configuring Wireless Internet Card 

You will need to use the configuration software that comes with your network card to configure your computer to work at various hot spots. Simply type in the hotspot network name (various depending on the service you are using) and state the type of network, such as access point. You can also scan available wireless broadband internet access in the area and choose which network you wish to connect with.

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Wireless Internet WIFI 

WI-FI, the 802.11 standard, is important for a variety of reasons. Having a standard in the industry ensures that anyone using wi-fi will be using the same standard, therefore equipment and connections are interchangeable. Having a set standard makes setting up wireless networks, sharing wireless internet access and working with wireless equipment more users friendly.

Different methods through viruses may be transferred

There are different methods through viruses may be transferred from one computer to another. 

Now- a-days, most of the viruses spread due to receiving unknown e-mail messages that contains viruses. When a user opens such an infected message, the virus is also loaded into the computer memory. In this way, many other program files loaded into the memory are infected. This virus is also transferred to other computers when e-mail messages are sent from the infected computer to them. Due to these viruses, some time an auto generated email message from your email ID sends to your friends from your side with different virus messages. Never open unknown and attractive subject line email messages, always scan first even if you know the sender of the message. 

Another way of spreading virus is by using Internet and other networks. For example, when you download infected executables files or data files from the Internet or from a shared disk on the network, viruses are transferred to your computer. It must be noted that many software are available on the Internet with free of cost. Most of that software contains viruses, for example free PHP or ASP scripts are the main source of virus, always get these scripts from reliable sources. In an LAN, if a computer contains a virus, then all the computers on the network may be infected with that virus.  

One important means of exchanging data is through the use of removable media like, CDs, MP3 player, ipod and flash devices. So, when you copy the data from one computer to another by using a removable media, the viruses are also transferred. 

The virus can also infect your computer by using pirated software. The software, which is installed into your computer without license is referred to as pirated software. Some companies may intentionally attach some virus programs into their software. This program will only activate when it does not find some special files like license files on your computer.

Sniper Strike 1.6 iPhone Games

Sniper Strike 1.6 iPhone and iPod touch - AD







Combining the fast pace of action games with the satisfaction of a precision sniper shot, Sniper Strike offers exciting gameplay like never before. You eliminate targets in six distinct and beautiful environments. Rain down chaos from afar with 5 different sniper rifles and various different mods against different targets and goals.

FEATURES:

• Six maps:

••• Village - Small huts and stalls occupy this Village. Structures are small and low and rarely obstruct the sniper's view.
••• The City - Large modern buildings in this city occasionally blocks the sniper's view of ground.
••• Forest (DLC) - Big open spaces in the forest gives the sniper a clear view of everything in the vicinity.
••• Favela (DLC) - These small isolated islands of slum structure present an unique challenge to the sniper.
••• Winter (DLC) - Cold and wet, this little outpost deep in Siberia has a surprisingly large number of residents.
••• War-Torn City (DLC) - With the city nearly in ruins from constant conflict, a sniper rains down further chaos from above.


• 3 game-play modes:

••• Arcade - Kill the specified target! Out of crowd, you must locate and eliminate the target before time is up. Be rewarded with money to purchase rifle upgrades and equipment or lose money if you kill the wrong target!
••• Protect the Flag - Hands off my flag! Stop the guys from dragging your flag off the map! Upgrade your rifle to handle the increasingly difficult enemies.
••• Massacre - Sometimes with a sniper rifle in hand, you just have the urge to kill everyone you see. This is the perfect mode for you.
• Unlimited game-play for each mode with progressively more difficult levels.
• Beautiful isometric graphics
• Multiple unique rifles and equipment upgrades.
• OpenFeint integration with multiple leader boards.
• 20+ integrated achievements to unlock.
• Detailed hit summary: Head, Body, Left Arm, Right Arm, and Legs.
• Penetrating rounds for damage to multiple targets. Varying damaging to different parts of the body.
• Auto-save at every level.

Sniper Strike is a registered trademark of Donoma Games, Inc.
What's new

New:
* Added "Focus" as an available upgrade. Focus puts everything into slow motion for a short period of time. Available in the weapon store or DLC permanent unlock.

Game stuff:
* Fixed bug in Arcade mode where sometimes a new target enemy would not have spawn yet.
* Changed target selection in Arcade mode so the same target would never be picked again in the same level.
* Fixed a bug where sometimes unlocking an achievement in offline mode crashed the game.
* Fixed a bug where you couldn't buy an item if you had the exact amount of money as the price of the item.
* Modified store to show number of available DLC items.

Technical stuff:
* Performance tweaks

http://hotfile.com/dl/35071241/3eb757a/sniper_strike_v1.6-AD.ipa.html

How To Boot Xp Faster (updated)

First of all, this tweak only apply to those who only have one HDD on their primary IDE channel (nothing else on device 0 or 1) and a CD-ROM and/or DVD-ROM on the secondary IDE channel. Each time you boot Windows XP, there's an updated file called NTOSBOOT-*.pf who appears in your prefetch directory (%SystemRoot%Prefetch) and there's no need to erease any other files as the new prefetch option in XP really improves loading time of installed programs. We only want WindowsXP to boot faster and not decrease its performance. Thanks to Rod Cahoon (for the prefetch automation process...with a minor change of mine) and Zeb for the IDE Channel tweak as those two tricks, coupled together with a little modification, result in an EXTREMELY fast bootup:

1. Open notepad.exe, type "del c:windowsprefetch tosboot-*.* /q" (without the quotes) & save as "ntosboot.bat" in c:
2. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "gpedit.msc".
3. Double click "Windows Settings" under "Computer Configuration" and double click again on "Shutdown" in the right window.
4. In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".
5. Click "OK", "Apply" & "OK" once again to exit.
6. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "devmgmt.msc".
7. Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"
8. Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".
9. Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device 0 or 1 that doesn't have 'device type' greyed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect' & click "OK".
10. Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.
11. Reboot your computer.

WindowsXP should now boot REALLY faster.

Microsoft WGA OGA Crack 6.0

Get all of your Microsoft Windows and Office Updates (Critical, Important as well as Recommended) Get the latest in audio-visual experience from MS on your PC. Get all the media player updates FREE from Microsoft. Stay protected against all virus/spyware/malware infections. Get all the definition updates FREE from Microsoft.Tried and Tested, 100% Working on Windows Update, Office Update, Microsoft Update and Microsoft Download Center. Get all of your Microsoft Windows and Office Updates (Critical, Important as well as Recommended)

Size: 3.88 MB

Uploadbox | Sharingmatrix

PC Overclocking, Optimization, and Tuning 2th Edition

PC Overclocking, Optimization, and Tuning 2th Edition
English | 2002 | 496 pages | HF and ULD | 28.8 MB

This one-stop reference guide contains various recommendations and advice for tuning, optimizing and overclocking almost all computer elements to achieve maximum computer performance.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - BIOS Setup 9
Chapter 3 - Optimizing Hard Drives
Chapter 4 - Compressing the Hard Drive
Chapter 5 - Caching Hard and Compact Disks
Chapter 6 - Optimizing the Video Subsystem
Chapter 7 - Optimizing RAM
Chapter 8 - Updating the BIOS
Chapter 9 - Testing, Monitoring, and Diagnostics
Chapter 10 - Windows 9x/NT/2000 Local Area Networks
Chapter 11 - Overclocking Modes
Chapter 12 - Requiements for Overclocked Elements
Chapter 13 - Overclocking the Processor
Chapter 14 - Overclocking Video Adapters and Hard Drives
Chapter 15 - Overclockings: Step-by-Step
Chapter 16 - Testing Overclocked Systems
Chapter 17 - Motherboards and Chipsets for Overclocking Modes
Chapter 18 - Cooling Devices and Methods
Chapter 19 - Examples and Results of Overclocking
Chapter 20 - Web Addresses

Code:

http://hotfile.com/dl/21073127/a26e8fe/OC.PC.rar.html

Microsoft Office 2010.

Microsoft Office 2010. Link download!!! Hot!

MICROSOFT OFFICE 2010 /Size : 789 Mb
Microsoft Office 2010 gives you new powerful tools to express your ideas, solve problems, and connect with

people.

Microsoft intends to release Microsoft Office 2010 Technical Preview to invite guests who register to sign

up for Office 2010 CTP Program only by July 2009. Office 2010 was previously known by codename Office 14

(taken cue from its version), and wrongly assume to be Office 2009. The setup installer of both 32bit (x86)

and 64bit (x64) Office 2010 Technical Preview 1 (TP 1) has been leaked to BT network. The leaked Office

2010 Technical Preview 1 has the version of 14.0.4006.1010, a pre-trial version provided to premium

Microsoft partners.

It???s unclear whether it is the leaked Office 2010 TP1 build will be the version that is going to be

released officially by Microsoft in July. And it???s still unclear yet whether Microsoft will make

available publicly for Office 2010 Beta downloads, which is said to be will be having 2 betas - Beta 1 in

July 2009 and another Beta 2 in November 2009. The betas is said to be different from Technical Preview,

where TP is just meant as an engineering milestone for the development of Office 2010 and related products

that leading to RTM that will reach in July 2009, according to Office 2010 IT Blog. Office 2010 is expected

to RTM and released as final product in March 2010, with the exception of Exchange Server 2010, where

Exchange Server 2010 beta already available from official download links.

The setup installer of the leaked download will install Microsoft Office Plus 2010 edition, with Access

2010, Excel 2010, InfoPath 2010, OneNote 2010, Outlook 2010, PowerPoint 2010, Publisher 2010, and Word

2010. Project Professional 2010, SharePoint Designer 2010 and Visio Professional 2010 are also included in

the leaked RAR archive download. Office 2010 supports Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.
Important note is that Office 2010 TP 1 is still in early stage of development, and may contain bugs,

although most individual programs such as Word 2010 and Excel 2010 are usable in everyday life. It???s also

interesting to know that Office 2007, the predecessor of Office 2010, is version 12. Office 2010 will be

version 14, skipping version 13, the number that Microsoft assumes may be not so lucky.

Here?s what you need to have:

Internet access.
Internet access (to download Office Professional Plus 2010 Beta and get updates) A PC with these minimum

recommended specifications:
500 MHz 32-bit or 64-bit processor or higher
256 MB of system memory or more
3.5 GB of available disk space
1024x768 or higher resolution monitor
DVD-R/W Drive
Supported Operating Systems:
Windows XP with Service Pack (SP) 3 (32-bit)
Windows Vista with SP1 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Windows Server 2003 R2 (32-bit or 64-bit) with MSXLM 6.0 installed
Windows Server 2008 with SP2 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Windows 7 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Terminal Server and Windows On Windows (WOW) (which allows installing 32-bit versions of Office 2010 on

64-bit operating systems) are supported.
*Please note these specifications could change. Get the download
After registering, you will be able to select the version (we recommend 32-bit which runs great on both

32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows) and your software language. The exact time of download process will

depend on your provider, bandwidth, and traffic. The good news is that once you start the download, you

won't have to answer any more questions - you can walk away while it finishes. If your download gets

interrupted, it will restart where it left off. Once the download is complete, launch the downloaded file

and follow the set up instructions.

Once the download is complete, launch the downloaded file and follow the set up instructions. Important

changes in product activation
We?ve made some important changes to how Microsoft Office products are activated. The new activation

method is based on the Software Protection Platform first introduced in Windows Vista and currently used in

Windows 7. Please take note of the information provided on the Product Key page that displays during the

download process. Follow the instructions on that page for activating your beta software immediately after

the setup procedure completes. For more information please see the Release Notes.

Download Here:

Copy Code & paste in browser  :

http://ugotfile.com/file/723792/Microsoft Office 2010.part01.rar
http://ugotfile.com/file/723798/Microsoft Office 2010.part02.rar
http://ugotfile.com/file/723873/Microsoft Office 2010.part03.rar
http://ugotfile.com/file/723810/Microsoft Office 2010.part04.rar
http://ugotfile.com/file/723811/Microsoft Office 2010.part05.rar
http://ugotfile.com/file/723818/Microsoft Office 2010.part06.rar
http://ugotfile.com/file/723900/Microsoft Office 2010.part07.rar
http://ugotfile.com/file/723862/Microsoft Office 2010.part08.rar

Basic Guide To Internet

The Internet is a computer network made up of thousands of networks worldwide. No one knows exactly how many computers are connected to the Internet. It is certain, however, that these number in the millions.

No one is in charge of the Internet. There are organizations which develop technical aspects of this network and set standards for creating applications on it, but no governing body is in control. The Internet backbone, through which Internet traffic flows, is owned by private companies.

All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite, abbreviated to TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a client/server architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the user's local client machine. Software can be installed on a client computer to take advantage of the latest access technology.

An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services: electronic mail, file transfer, vast information resources, interest group membership, interactive collaboration, multimedia displays, real-time broadcasting, shopping opportunities, breaking news, and much more.

The Internet consists primarily of a variety of access protocols. Many of these protocols feature programs that allow users to search for and retrieve material made available by the protocol.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WORLD WIDE WEB
The World Wide Web (abbreviated as the Web or WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. This includes e-mail, FTP, Telnet, and Usenet News. In addition to these, the World Wide Web has its own protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. These protocols will be explained later in this document.

The World Wide Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. This creates a convenient and user-friendly environment. It is no longer necessary to be conversant in these protocols within separate, command-level environments. The Web gathers together these protocols into a single system. Because of this feature, and because of the Web's ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages, the Web is the fastest-growing component of the Internet.

The operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. HyperText is a document containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound. Links may or may not follow a logical path, as each connection is programmed by the creator of the source document. Overall, the Web contains a complex virtual web of connections among a vast number of documents, graphics, videos, and sounds.

Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics and multimedia may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), led by Web founder Tim Berners-Lee, coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an application of the XML language standard.

The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or home pages, containing links to documents and resources throughout the Internet.

The Web provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations, real-time collaboration, interactive pages, radio and television broadcasts, and the automatic "push" of information to a client computer. Programming languages such as Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Cold Fusion and XML are extending the capabilities of the Web. A growing amount of information on the Web is served dynamically from content stored in databases. The Web is therefore not a fixed entity, but one that is in a constant state of development and flux.

For more complete information about the World Wide Web, see Understanding The World Wide Web.

E-MAIL
Electronic mail, or e-mail, allows computer users locally and worldwide to exchange messages. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail can arrive within a matter of seconds.

A powerful aspect of e-mail is the option to send electronic files to a person's e-mail address. Non-ASCII files, known as binary files, may be attached to e-mail messages. These files are referred to as MIME attachments.MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail Extension, and was developed to help e-mail software handle a variety of file types. For example, a document created in Microsoft Word can be attached to an e-mail message and retrieved by the recipient with the appropriate e-mail program. Many e-mail programs, including Eudora, Netscape Messenger, and Microsoft Outlook, offer the ability to read files written in HTML, which is itself a MIME type.

TELNET
Telnet is a program that allows you to log into computers on the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. There are no graphics in Telnet sessions, just text. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (locis.loc.gov) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet nri.reston.va.us 185.

Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet have been library catalogs, though most catalogs have since migrated to the Web. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work.

With the increasing popularity of the Web, Telnet has become less frequently used as a means of access to information on the Internet.

FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to transfer files between computers. Anonymous FTP is an option that allows users to transfer files from thousands of host computers on the Internet to their personal computer account. FTP sites contain books, articles, software, games, images, sounds, multimedia, course work, data sets, and more.

If your computer is directly connected to the Internet via an Ethernet cable, you can use one of several PC software programs, such as WS_FTP for Windows, to conduct a file transfer.

FTP transfers can be performed on the World Wide Web without the need for special software. In this case, the Web browser will suffice. Whenever you download software from a Web site to your local machine, you are using FTP. You can also retrieve FTP files via search engines such as FtpFind, located at /http://www.ftpfind.com/. This option is easiest because you do not need to know FTP program commands.

E-MAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS
One of the benefits of the Internet is the opportunity it offers to people worldwide to communicate via e-mail. The Internet is home to a large community of individuals who carry out active discussions organized around topic-oriented forums distributed by e-mail. These are administered by software programs. Probably the most common program is the listserv.

A great variety of topics are covered by listservs, many of them academic in nature. When you subscribe to a listserv, messages from other subscribers are automatically sent to your electronic mailbox. You subscribe to a listserv by sending an e-mail message to a computer program called a listserver. Listservers are located on computer networks throughout the world. This program handles subscription information and distributes messages to and from subscribers. You must have a e-mail account to participate in a listserv discussion group. Visit Tile.net at /http://tile.net/ to see an example of a site that offers a searchablecollection of e-mail discussion groups.

Majordomo and Listproc are two other programs that administer e-mail discussion groups. The commands for subscribing to and managing your list memberships are similar to those of listserv.

USENET NEWS
Usenet News is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions of computer users exchange information on a vast range of topics. The major difference between Usenet News and e-mail discussion groups is the fact that Usenet messages are stored on central computers, and users must connect to these computers to read or download the messages posted to these groups. This is distinct from e-mail distribution, in which messages arrive in the electronic mailboxes of each list member.

Usenet itself is a set of machines that exchanges messages, or articles, from Usenet discussion forums, called newsgroups. Usenet administrators control their own sites, and decide which (if any) newsgroups to sponsor and which remote newsgroups to allow into the system.

There are thousands of Usenet newsgroups in existence. While many are academic in nature, numerous newsgroups are organized around recreational topics. Much serious computer-related work takes place in Usenet discussions. A small number of e-mail discussion groups also exist as Usenet newsgroups.

The Usenet newsfeed can be read by a variety of newsreader software programs. For example, the Netscape suite comes with a newsreader program called Messenger. Newsreaders are also available as standalone products.

FAQ, RFC, FYI
FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions. These are periodic postings to Usenet newsgroups that contain a wealth of information related to the topic of the newsgroup. Many FAQs are quite extensive. FAQs are available by subscribing to individual Usenet newsgroups. A Web-based collection of FAQ resources has been collected by The Internet FAQ Consortium and is available at /http://www.faqs.org/.

RFC stands for Request for Comments. These are documents created by and distributed to the Internet community to help define the nuts and bolts of the Internet. They contain both technical specifications and general information.

FYI stands for For Your Information. These notes are a subset of RFCs and contain information of interest to new Internet users.

Links to indexes of all three of these information resources are available on the University Libraries Web site at /http://library.albany.edu/reference/faqs.html.

CHAT & INSTANT MESSENGING
Chat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each other by typing in real time. They are sometimes included as a feature of a Web site, where users can log into the "chat room" to exchange comments and information about the topics addressed on the site. Chat may take other, more wide-ranging forms. For example, America Online is well known for sponsoring a number of topical chat rooms.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service through which participants can communicate to each other on hundreds of channels. These channels are usually based on specific topics. While many topics are frivolous, substantive conversations are also taking place. To access IRC, you must use an IRC software program.

A variation of chat is the phenomenon of instant messenging. With instant messenging, a user on the Web can contact another user currently logged in and type a conversation. Most famous is America Online's Instant Messenger. ICQ, MSN and Yahoo are other commonly-used chat programs.

Other types of real-time communication are addressed in the tutorial Understanding the World Wide Web.

MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSE
MUD stands for Multi User Dimension. MUDs, and their variations listed above, are multi-user virtual reality games based on simulated worlds. Traditionally text based, graphical MUDs now exist. There are MUDs of all kinds on the Internet, and many can be joined free of charge. For more information, read one of the FAQs devoted to MUDs available at the FAQ site at

Computer Acronyms

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
ALI - Acer Labs, Incorporated
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
APC - American Power Conversion
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI - Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT - Advanced Technology
ATI - ATI Technologies Inc.
ATX - Advanced Technology Extended

--- B ---
BFG - BFG Technologies
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
BNC - Barrel Nut Connector

--- C ---
CAS - Column Address Signal
CD - Compact Disk
CDR - Compact Disk Recorder
CDRW - Compact Disk Re-Writer
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute (ft�/min)
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CPU - Central Processing Unit
CTX - CTX Technology Corporation (Commited to Excellence)

--- D ---

DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR-SDRAM - Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DFI - DFI Inc. (Design for Innovation)
DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
DPI - Dots Per Inch
DSL - See ASDL
DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-RAM - Digital Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory

--- E ---
ECC - Error Correction Code
ECS - Elitegroup Computer Systems
EDO - Extended Data Out
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EVGA - EVGA Corporation

--- F ---
FC-PGA - Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
FDC - Floppy Disk Controller
FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
FPS - Frame Per Second
FPU - Floating Point Unit
FSAA - Full Screen Anti-Aliasing
FS - For Sale
FSB - Front Side Bus

--- G ---
GB - Gigabytes
GBps - Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per second
GDI - Graphical Device Interface
GHz - GigaHertz

--- H ---
HDD - Hard Disk Drive
HIS - Hightech Information System Limited
HP - Hewlett-Packard Development Company
HSF - Heatsink-Fan

--- I ---
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation
IC - Integrated Circuit
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
IFS- Item for Sale
IRQ - Interrupt Request
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
ISO - International Standards Organization

--- J ---
JBL - JBL (Jame B. Lansing) Speakers
JVC - JVC Company of America

- K ---
Kbps - Kilobits Per Second
KBps - KiloBytes per second

--- L ---
LG - LG Electronics
LAN - Local Are Network
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LDT - Lightning Data Transport
LED - Light Emitting Diode

--- M ---
MAC - Media Access Control
MB � MotherBoard or Megabyte
MBps - Megabytes Per Second
Mbps - Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second
MHz - MegaHertz
MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
MMX - Multi-Media Extensions
MSI - Micro Star International

--- N ---
NAS - Network Attached Storage
NAT - Network Address Translation
NEC - NEC Corporation
NIC - Network Interface Card

--- O ---
OC - Overclock (Over Clock)
OCZ - OCZ Technology
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer

--- P ---
PC - Personal Computer
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PCMCIA - Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect Architecture
PGA - Professional Graphics Array
PLD - Programmable Logic Device
PM - Private Message / Private Messaging
PnP - Plug 'n Play
PNY - PNY Technology
POST - Power On Self Test
PPPoA - Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
PPPoE - Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PQI - PQI Corporation
PSU - Power Supply Unit

--- R ---
RAID - Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RAM - Random Access Memory
RAMDAC - Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor
RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
RPM - Revolutions Per Minute

--- S ---
SASID - Self-scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display
SCA - SCSI Configured Automatically
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SECC - Single Edge Contact Connector
SODIMM - Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module
SPARC - Scalable Processor ArChitecture
SOHO - Small Office Home Office
SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array
S/PDIF - Sony/Philips Digital Interface

--- T ---
TB - Terabytes
TBps - Terabytes per second
Tbps - Terabits per second
TDK - TDK Electronics
TEC - Thermoelectric Cooler
TPC - TipidPC
TWAIN - Technology Without An Important Name

--- U ---
UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
USB - Universal Serial Bus
UTP - Unshieled Twisted Pair

--- V ---
VCD - Video CD
VPN - Virtual Private Network

--- W ---
WAN - Wide Area Network
WTB - Want to Buy
WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get

--- X ---
XGA - Extended Graphics Array
XFX - XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine
XMS - Extended Memory Specification
XT - Extended Technology

COMMON FTP ERROR CODES

~~~~~~~~~COMMON FTP ERROR CODES~~~~~~~~~~

# Description

110 Restart marker reply. In this case, the text is exact and not left to the particular implementation; it must read: MARK yyyy = mmmm where yyyy is User-process data stream marker, and mmmm server's equivalent marker (note the spaces between markers and "=").

120 Service ready in nnn minutes.

125 Data connection already open; transfer starting.

150 File status okay; about to open data connection.

200 Command okay.

202 Command not implemented, superfluous at this site.

211 System status, or system help reply.

212 Directory status.

213 File status.

214 Help message.On how to use the server or the meaning of a particular non-standard command. This reply is useful only to the human user.

215 NAME system type. Where NAME is an official system name from the list in the Assigned Numbers document.

220 Service ready for new user.

221 Service closing control connection.

225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress.

226 Closing data connection. Requested file action successful (for example, file transfer or file abort).

227 Entering Passive Mode (h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2).

230 User logged in, proceed. Logged out if appropriate.

250 Requested file action okay, completed.

257 "PATHNAME" created.

331 User name okay, need password.

332 Need account for login.

350 Requested file action pending further information

421 Service not available, closing control connection.This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it must shut down.

425 Can't open data connection.

426 Connection closed; transfer aborted.

450 Requested file action not taken.

451 Requested action aborted. Local error in processing.

452 Requested action not taken. Insufficient storage space in system.File unavailable (e.g., file busy).

500 Syntax error, command unrecognized. This may include errors such as command line too long.

501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments.

502 Command not implemented.

503 Bad sequence of commands.

504 Command not implemented for that parameter.

530 Not logged in.

532 Need account for storing files.

550 Requested action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access).

551 Requested action aborted. Page type unknown.

552 Requested file action aborted. Exceeded storage allocation (for current directory or dataset).

553 Requested action not taken. File name not allowed.

No Text Icons

If you would like your desktop Icons to have no text underneath then try this tweak:

Right click the icon and select "Rename"

Now hold the "Alt" key and type "255" and hit Enter

NOTE : It may only work with the keypad numbers and not the number keys on top of the keyboard.

Default Rapidshare Auto Downloader 3.8.2

A software for automatic download of rapidshare.com links for free users
Rapidshare Auto Downloader is a handy automatic downloader for rapidshare.com users.

Here are some key features of "Rapidshare Auto Downloader":

· Download a group of links from rapidshare (one by one).
· Download incomplete downloads until all links are downloaded.
· Autoshutdown feature
· Load and save the download list.
· Check for new versions automatically.
· Support of 3 Languages : English , Farsi , French

Requirements:
· NET Framework

What's New in This Release:

Bug-fixes:
· Resolving the internet disconnection freezing problem
· Resolving the problem of setting the status of last downloaded file before shutdown
New Features:
· Adding the ability to move a group of lniks up and down
· Adding the ability to set comment for each link in order to store the zip file password
· Forcing the program to finish the uppder link before going to next link
· Minimizing the application to tray when the window is closed

Code:

http://hotfile.com/dl/34215518/eea180e/SETUP_Team-ND.rar.html

The Lost Cases of 221B Baker St.(PC Game)

Return to 221 Baker St. and help Sherlock Holmes solve brand new cases! Take on the new mysteries and explore beautiful Victorian London! Interact with Watson, Mycroft, Inspector Lestrade, and tons of other characters. Use your Hidden Object skills to take on the world’s toughest cases and catch clever crooks. Take on tough puzzles and find valuable clues as you solve The Lost Cases of 221 B Baker St.!

* Beautiful Hidden Object scenes
* Intense action
* Solve Holmes' Lost Cases!

System Requirements:
* OS: Windows XP/Vista
* CPU: 800 Mhz
* RAM: 512 MB
* DirectX: 7.0
* Hard Drive: 263 MB

http://rapidshare.com/files/367262002/LC221_www.triniwarez.com.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/367263249/LC221_www.triniwarez.com.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/367263753/LC221_www.triniwarez.com.part3.rar

http://www.megaupload.com/?d=77CXR1HR

http://hotfile.com/dl/34241917/8e7b944/LC221_www.triniwarez.com.rar.html

K7 TotalSecurity 10.0.0009

---

K7 TotalSecurity 10.0.0009 | 38,41 Mb

K7 TotalSecurity guarantees invincible protection, yet remains invisible. This means, we don't pop-up to prompt you for some action, when you are at work offline or having serious fun online. No virus alerts. No update alerts, every now and then.

With K7 TotalSecurity, a desktop security product for stand-alone and networked environment, you outsource all these concerns to us. You stop doing responsible browsing and start enjoying relaxed browsing.

It provides 6-in-1 comprehensive protection for your PC and helps you to safeguard your PC from new emerging threats like network viruses, Spam emails, inappropriate content and Spyware that can compromise your Privacy. It puts you in total control of the communication in and out of your PC.

In Japan, more than 5 million users are protected by K7 TotalSecurity.

Here are some key features of "K7 TotalSecurity":

· Antivirus: Protection from viruses and malicious programs
· Anti-Spam: Identification and removal of e-mails from unwanted sources
· Anti-Spyware: Prevention of stealthy software installation
· Firewall: Blocking of online intrusion
· Privacy: Protection of access to and from unauthorized websites
· System Monitor: Prevention of unauthorized changes to system settings
· Automatic detection of Trojans, spyware, adware, key loggers & exploits
· Protection against email borne viruses
· Quarantine facility
· Enhanced scan engine
· Detailed log of virus events
· User-friendly popup alerts
· Automatic updation of program and definition files
· Comprehensive user-defined scan tasks

Requirements:

· 128 MB of RAM
· 30 MB of Hard Disk space
· Internet connection for registration and updates

Download
Megaupload

Code:

http://www.megaupload.com/?d=UVEZC0Z0

hotfile

Code:

http://hotfile.com/dl/10698493/90efdb3/K7_TotalSecurity_10.0.0009.rar.html.html

Teradepot

Code:

http://www.teradepot.com/mp343ptz0joe/K7_TotalSecurity_10.0.0009.rar.html

Filebox

Code:

http://www.filebox.com/lnszkrxpdq2b

Rapidshare

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/270428098/K7_TotalSecurity_10.0.0009.rar.html

Mobile Phone Signal Booster

Tired of poor reception on your GSM phone? This new mobile phone signal booster turns a one bar signal to 5 full bars - instantly. The Wireless Mobile Phone Signal Booster is for people who are located in remote places, far away from the tower and have problems in communicating on their Cellular Phone because of poor signals. Also the Mobile Phone Antenna is very useful in cities, where in spite of full mobile signals on the mobile phone, there is a break in voice leading to call clarity problem. Simply plug the mobile phone antenna booster into your office, home farmhouse, factory and you'll be astonished with the huge gain in both the incoming reception and outgoing transmission levels as the mobile signal booster goes to work!
Graphical Image of Wireless Booster Installation
What exactly is this mobile phone antenna booster or how can this mobile phone antenna help my particular reception problems? Literally, this mobile phone antenna will take a one bar signal on, for example, a Nokia 51/61 series handset and boost it immediately to a full 5 bars. This way it is a perfect nokia cell phone antenna. We've spent the past 2 years or so visiting numerous trade fairs and equipment manufacturers around the world in the hope of finding a product which would address the needs of cell phone users who found themselves living smack in the middle of poor GSM reception areas. Finally, in collaboration with one of our suppliers in Taiwan, we came up with what can only be described as the perfect GSM signal enhancer. Forget your little patch mobile phone antenna, or your magnetic aerial and external connection lead, with their 1/2 - 1 bar reception enhancements at best - this precision amplifier puts you on a par with actually being beside your nearest base station, pumping out up to 8 watts of regulated power when connected to your cellular handset. The Wireless Booster Mobile Phone Signal is also known as GSM Amplifier, Repeater and Cellular Enhancer. And how exactly does this wireless antenna work? If you live or work in a poor reception area you can use this wireless antenna to generate massive signal improvement in seconds - its simply a matter of attaching an external Yagi antenna to the mobile booster amplifier and a little fine tuning, in order to experience signal enhancement as in a strong reception area. Vocals during calls remain bright and crisp and lose any artifacting associated with poor or fringe reception levels, while dropped calls become all but nonexistent. The mobile booster can easily integrate into your existing system. Will this wireless antenna work with any mobile network? We have different models suitable for any mobile network within India for e.g. we have a special booster for 900 MHz (Orange BPL), 800 MHz (CDMA Reliance, Tata Indicom), 1800 MHz.
Installation Guide for Booster Mobile Phone Signal
The complete wireless booster package consists of A yagi antenna. Low loss cable. Another low loss cable from booster amplifier to the panel antenna. Panel Antenna. The Wireless Mobile Signal Booster
1. Remove the wireless antenna from the shipping box. Inspect it for physical damage and make sure all parts are on hand. 2. Inspect the wireless antenna feed assembly output connector (Type-N, female or TNC) to determine that it mates with the end of your station transmission line. 3. Verify that the frequency band to which your mobile phone antenna has been tuned matches the frequency on which your radio system operates. 4. Determine the direction of the desired maximum range and the tower leg on which the mobile phone antenna is to be mounted. We are installing the antenna to a achieve the best cellular signal link over the air from the nearest cell tower(BTS). Mount the mobile phone antenna to the tower using the furnished "U" bolt and bracket. Make sure the antenna is properly positioned with the gamma-matched element/radome pointing upward. Orient the antenna in the desired direction; tighten the mounting clamps securely to avoid movement after alignment. (Refer to Figures 1 and 2.) Find the highest possible location at the site and check the signal strength in different directions using a S4 or Nokia 5110 Net Monitor activated cellphone. Ensure that the mobile phone antenna is vertically aligned to the ground plane as in the photo above and that the black cap is on the top side.
Typical Booster Building Installation Typical Mountain Terrain Installation Sketch
5. Fix the YAGI-900 Antenna 30 cms below from the top of the pipe to minimize the effect of lightning on the antenna 6. Keep the coaxial antenna cable length as short as possible. To avoid signal losses over long distances it is recommended to use Belden RG-8 cable. 7. Minimum movement of pipe while demonstration will only ensure a stable signal. Mount the YAGI-900 Antenna on a 2 inch diameter GI pipe having a length of atleast 20 ft. The secret of better signal is always more height and therefore it is recommended to use even a 40-60 ft welded GI pipe in very weak signal areas. For 60 ft pipe weld 4inch upto 20ft, 3 inch upto another 20ft and 2 inch in the final pipe for stability. 8. Fine tune the antenna position by slowly rotating the pipe and checking on the RX (Signal receive Level); the lower the dB level the better the signal strength. In very weak signal areas even a steady signal upto 100 dB can allow voice calls. Final fixing of the antenna position should be done in a direction where the maximum number of bars appear or the dB level is the minimum on the cellphone. An RX level of 90-100dB can deliver good voice clarity. Use Water Proof Insulation tape to cover all cracks and smooth it over the outer jackets. Failure to waterproof the connection will result in improper operation of your antenna. 9. After the antenna and cable wire have been installed, make a careful check to ensure that: All mechanical connections have been securely made. The antenna is mounted on the proper leg of the tower with sufficient physical clearance. The antenna is mounted with the gamma match element/ radome in the "up" position. 10. Make an outgoing call and receive an incoming call to check the call clarity. If the call clarity is good and the signal optimized then lock the antenna position and fix the pipe permanently. Check that the cable is tied or taped to the pipe and does not hang loose.
11.Connect the N Male connector to the booster amplifier on the side where "Yagi" is mentioned. Now connect another wire on the side labeled "Patch" and experience the voice clarity by switching on the booster. If the voice is clear, then the patch antenna can be directly connected and this will complete the successful installation of the booster. However, if there is a voice clarity problem, then fine tuning of the Yagi antenna and also booster tuning may be required. 12. Make a note of the signal strength, date of installation, Cell Id and Time Advance for future reference in a log book.